Learning to eat, eating to learn: how school-based nutrition education and meal programs shape health, behavior, and human capital — A systematic literature review

Amelia, Reri Noor and Pujiastuti, Maria (2025) Learning to eat, eating to learn: how school-based nutrition education and meal programs shape health, behavior, and human capital — A systematic literature review. Learning to Eat, Eating to Learn: How School-Based Nutrition Education and Meal Programs Shape Health, Behavior, and Human Capital — A Systematic Literature Review, 00 (00). pp. 1-10.

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Abstract

Background: School-based nutrition education and meal programs are essential for enhancing children’s health, learning outcomes, and equity in access to nutritious food. This systematic review examines the synergistic effects of combining nutrition education, school meals, and supportive food environments on dietary behavior, academic achievement, and long-term development. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, comprehensive searches were conducted across Scopus, PubMed, and ERIC for studies published between 2021 and 2025. Twenty-six studies met inclusion criteria and were appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and ROBINS-I frameworks. Evidence was synthesized under four themes: (1) classroom and experiential learning, (2) cafeteria choice architecture, (3) integrated multicomponent interventions, and (4) policy and human capital outcomes. Results: Integrated interventions significantly improved nutrition literacy, dietary diversity, and fruit and vegetable intake while reducing waste. Experiential learning—gardening, cooking, and sensory-based education—was especially effective in fostering lasting behavioral change. Programs integrating educational content with environmental adjustments, such as meal presentation and recess timing, achieved stronger and more sustainable impacts. National school meal policies enhanced attendance, academic success, and equity, underscoring their role in reducing inequality and promoting socioeconomic advancement. Conclusion: Integrating nutrition education with meal programs provides a scalable, sustainable approach to improving child health and educational outcomes. Policymakers should strengthen these systems through cross-sector collaboration, standardized evaluation, and continued investment in universal nutrition programs that promote health, learning, and human capital development.

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